20000900 Humor in the Hebrew Bible by Hershey H. Friedman

20000900 Humor in the Hebrew Bible by Hershey H. Friedman

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/economic/friedman/bibhumor.htm

This paper appeared in Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, Vol. 13:3, Sept. 2000, 258-285. ©2000

Humor in the Hebrew Bible
By Hershey H. Friedman, Ph.D.
Professor of Business and Marketing
Bernard H. Stern Professor of Humor 1997-1999
Brooklyn College of the City University of New York
E-mail: x.friedman AT att.net
Abstract

This paper demonstrates that the Hebrew Bible contains much humor, albeit mainly subtle and much of it requiring a knowledge of the original language of the Bible, Hebrew. The purpose of this article is not to exhaustively enumerate all instances of humor in the Bible but, rather, to demonstrate that humor permeates the Holy Scriptures. The humorous verses and situations collected in this paper are characterized as belonging to one of the following categories of humor: sarcasm, irony, wordplay, humorous names, humorous imagery and exaggeration, and humorous situations. An examination of the collection in this paper makes evident at least one important purpose of this humor: Humor brings God closer to humankind. For instance, God seems more understandable and less aloof when he is sarcastic. We mortals note that even omniscience and omnipotence do not prevent one from being hurt by straying children. Humorous stories and exaggerations make the moral lessons of the Hebrew Bible more memorable, and the irony behind punishments that are "measure for measure" hints at a world in which justice does truly prevail.

Humor in the Hebrew Bible

Many individuals believe that the Bible, in particular the Hebrew Bible, is without any humor. For example, Alfred North Whitehead was of the opinion that there is no humor in the Old Testament. He claimed that "the total absence of humour from the Bible is one of the most singular things in all of literature" (Price 1954: 199). Whitehead attributed the humorlessness of the Bible to the fact that the ancient Jews were a "depressed people" because of their situation, i.e., continually attacked and overrun by foreign powers. Others, such as Knox (1969), claim that there is much humor in the Hebrew Bible, although it consists mainly of irony. Knox points out that the prophets, in particular, used irony to warn the Jews against the "allurements of pagan civilization." Jemielty (1992) demonstrates that Hebrew prophecy makes use of satire. A major purpose of the satire and sarcasm was to ridicule the evildoer and idolater. Bonham (1988: 38-51) also feels that examining the Bible proves that "God has a sense of humor." Jonsson (1985: 41-50) rejects the opinion that there is no humor in the Hebrew Bible and discusses several examples of Biblical humor, e.g., the story of Jacob and Laban.

There are many different types of humor. These include: puns, wordplays, riddles, jokes, satires, lampoons, sarcasm, irony, wit, black humor, comedy, slapstick, farce, burlesques, caricatures, parody, and travesty. The differences among these different humor types is not always great. In particular, burlesque, caricature, parody, and travesty are very much alike and refer to literary or dramatic works that mimic serious works in order to achieve a humorous or satiric effect. Likewise, the difference between satire and lampoon is not that great. The bottom line is that humor has the ability to make people laugh, smile, or chuckle, at least inwardly. Perhaps it does the same for a divine being.

The idea that even God laughs is mentioned several times in Psalms. In Psalms (2:4), the Psalmist says: "He who sits in heaven will laugh, the Lord will mock them." In Psalms (37:13): "My Lord laughs at him for He sees that his day is coming." In Psalms (59:9): "But as for You, God, You laugh at them; You mock all nations." These verses all indicate that one day the Lord will laugh at evildoers. Of course, the type of laughter described here is not a happy, fun-loving laugh, but a sarcastic, derisive one. The Psalmist is describing a contemptuous, sardonic laugh aimed at the wicked who do not realize the futility of their plots if God does not approve.

Jewish tradition (Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin 14b) organizes the Hebrew Scriptures into three categories of the canon. The Five Books of Moses, also called the Pentateuch or the Torah, are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The Prophets consists of eight books, including Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah, and the Twelve Minor Prophets (e.g., Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi). The Writings is comprised of eleven books, including Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra (and Nehemiah), and Chronicles.

The Hebrew Bible employs many sorts of humor, but its purpose is not to entertain. The major goal of the Hebrew Bible is to teach humanity how to live the ideal life. Much of the humor found in the Hebrew Bible has a purpose: To demonstrate that evil is wrong and even ludicrous, at times. The punishments meted out to wrongdoers are often designed to mock them and to hoist them by their own petards.

This paper will demonstrate that the Hebrew Bible contains much humor, albeit mainly subtle and much of it requiring a knowledge of the original language of the Bible, Hebrew. The purpose of this article is not to exhaustively enumerate all instances of humor in the Bible but, rather, to demonstrate that humor permeates the Holy Scriptures. The humorous verses and situations collected in this paper are characterized as belonging to one of several broad categories of humor: sarcasm, irony, wordplay, humorous names, humorous imagery, and humorous situations.

Read the entire paper here: Humor in the Hebrew Bible by Hershey H. Friedman

20000904 Cardboard Clergy

Cardboard Clergy

E-mailed to me September 4th, 2000

Dear Sirs,

We are sure you have come across our extremely successful products. We make cardboard police cars to discourage speeding and cardboard security men to deter shoplifters and other standard lines. Following the success of these, we are pleased to announce the introduction of our latest line in cardboard clergy.

MARK 1

The cardboard Parish Priest is invaluable to the hard-pressed clergy who need a holiday. It is life sized, made to measure and comes in traditional (pre - Vatican 2), progressive, and middle of the road models. It is especially effective when stood in the pulpit or at the lectern.

Field trials have shown that when the cardboard PP is installed without the congregation knowing, 40% of those later questioned had noticed no difference, while 25% thought there had been a considerable improvement. The rest said they had slept through the homily as usual.

MARK 2

The cardboard Bishop will be available soon. It can be placed anywhere in a diocese while the real Bishop is away in Rome or elsewhere at a meeting, or just on holiday. Trial models have been installed here and there for some time with great success, so much so in one case, when the real Bishop returned unexpectedly, there were rumours he had developed powers of bi-location.

Work on the cardboard Canon and Monsignor models has been abandoned since market research demonstrated that no one actually wanted the real thing, so there would be little demand for a cardboard substitute.

However, our cardboard congregation is another matter and is now selling well in view of falling Mass attendance. Its response to homilies is indistinguishable from the real thing and it has the positive advantage that when volunteers are asked for, nobody makes a dash for the door. In some churches there has been a marked improvement in the singing.

We commend our quality products for your consideration and hope we can be of assistance to you and your Parish.

Yours sincerely,

Justin Jest -Managing Director.

####

See other posts on "

Learn the Difference Between AFFECT and EFFECT

Learn the Difference Between AFFECT and EFFECT

by Tina Blue August 11, 2000

Confusion between the words affect and effect is so common that I almost never see either of the words used correctly. Since I read anything that doesn't move fast enough to get away from me, and since I read hundreds of essays by college students each semester, I have reason to believe that this error is not just a misspelling, but an actual misapprehension of the two words and how they are used.

Generally speaking, affect is a verb and effect is a noun. When you affect something, you produce an effect on it. Even in the passive voice, something would be affected, not effected.

[…]

Read Ms. Blue’s entire article and see what effect it has on you: Learn the Difference Between AFFECT and EFFECT

20000811 Learn the Difference Between AFFECT and EFFECT
http://grammartips.homestead.com/affect.html
Kevin Dayhoff www.kevindayhoff.net http://kevindayhoff.blogspot.com/

20000701 Mike Evans, Carroll County Public Works Director asked to resign

Mike Evans, Carroll County Public Works Director asked to resign

Jul 1 2000 12:00 AM By Patrick Walters, Times Staff Writer.

http://www.zwire.com/news/newsstory.cfm?newsid=594743&title=Director%20asked%20to%20resign&BRD=1289&PAG=461&CATNAME=Top%20Stories&CATEGORYID=410

The Board of Carroll County Commissioners has told county public works director Mike Evans that they will fire him if he does not resign, according to two local officials.

The 57-year-old Evans, who has worked for the county since 1988, the past five years as director of the county's Department of Public Works, declined to comment on the issue Friday.

County department heads are appointed by the commissioners. The public works department, which has an operating budget of $9.95 million for fiscal year 2000, is responsible for roads operations, water and sewer projects, snow removal and other jobs.

Commissioners Julia Walsh Gouge, Robin Bartlett Frazier and Donald I. Dell did not return phone calls Friday regarding why the board is forcing Evans out.

Gouge and Dell were in their offices at the County Office Building Friday morning, but they apparently left through a private exit while a reporter sat in their office waiting room. Gouge's secretary said Gouge did not want to talk Friday morning.

It was not known when Evans needed to make his decision. The commissioners' schedule for Monday includes a closed session scheduled for 11 a.m.

According to the state's Open Meetings Law, the commissioners do not have to discuss personnel matters in open sessions.

Sykesville Town Manager Matthew Candland and Westminster City Councilman Kevin Dayhoff both said that the commissioners earlier this week told Evans he could either resign or have his employment with the county terminated.

Both declined to say who told them.

Dayhoff estimated he has worked with Evans since the late 1980s.

``I think it's an incredible loss to the county; this is a guy who has an incredible reputation for competence,'' Dayhoff said. ``I think they're shooting themselves in the foot.''

Candland and Dayhoff both said they were surprised when they learned that the commissioners were asking Evans to leave.

``There was no indication to me that there were any problems or rumblings,'' Candland said. ``I've always been very impressed with his work.''

Evans first started working for the county on Feb. 22, 1988, beginning his career as the director of permits and regulations. In 1995, the Board of Commissioners at the time Dell, Benjamin Brown and Richard T. Yates - appointed Evans to the position of public works director.

Before coming to Carroll, Evans worked in Anne Arundel County government from 1971 to 1987, in public works and permits and inspections. He also served in the United States Army from 1962 to 1965, and spent part of that time in Korea as a member of post-war peace-keeping forces.

Evans' education includes both a bachelor's degree in business and a master's in business administration from the University of Baltimore.

Candland said he usually works with Evans several times a month, including on recent public works projects such as the Fairhaven well and the realignment of Obrecht Road.

Taneytown City Manager Chip Boyles also said Friday he had not heard that Evans' job was in jeopardy.

He said he has worked with Evans' department on city takeovers of two roads, Stumptown and Trevanion, in recent years.

``He was just real understanding of what our concerns were,'' Boyles said. ``All my relations with him have been positive.''

####

20000615 David Harrington elected MML 1st VP by Jeremy Brengstall Hyattsville Gazette

David Harrington elected MML 1^st VP by Jeremy Brengstall Hyattsville Gazette

Hyattsville Gazette: Area mayor makes history at League conference

Hyattsville Gazette

by Jeremy Breningstall Staff Writer

June 15, 2000

Tuesday marked a historic first for the Maryland Municipal League (MML) and Bladensburg Mayor David Harrington.

Harrington was elected MML first vice-president, representing the only African American to ever hold the post.

Selected by the more than 100 municipalities attending this week's convention in Ocean City, Harrington was chosen over Thomas Dillingham, a commissioner from Poolesville, by a 74-35 vote.

In explaining his decision to run, Harrington emphasized the symbolic importance of having an African-American as first vice-president.

"Diversity is very important to me," Harrington said after being sworn in. "As we build [a unified] Maryland, I want it to be as inclusive as possible."

Gov. Parris Glendening (D) of University Park commended the municipal representatives for their choice, describing Harrington as a "leader" and a "go-getter."

"I'm really pleased to be able to swear [Harrington] in tonight," Glendening said in an interview after the election. "I think it's tremendous. It not only reflects the great diversity of state, but the large number of municipalities that are majority African American. I think this is a big step for [the municipalities] as well."

Bladensburg Councilwoman Helen Robinson said, "[Harrington] is a great man. He's really done a lot for Bladensburg."

In particular, she mentioned his efforts to decrease traffic disruptions from CSX, and his role in the Historic Bladensburg Waterfront Port, a multi-million dollar project scheduled to open Sept. 16.

Harrington has been a member of the MML Board of Directors for two-and-a-half years. Current First Vice President W. Glenn Steckman III, Ocean City Councilman, was elected as president for the coming year. He will succeed Jack Gullo, mayor of New Windsor. Presidents cannot run for immediate re-election.

Glendening noted that if tradition holds true, Harrington will be elected president of MML next year.

Speaking before the Prince George's County Municipal Association (PGMA) on Monday, Harrington thanked the community for their support. He expressed special thanks to his council and New Carrollton Mayor Andy Hanko.

"It meant a lot to me to have a former [MML] president support my nomination," Harrington said.

Many Prince George's County officials showed their support of Harrington during the convention by wearing stickers supporting his nomination.

The annual MML Convention took place from Sunday through Wednesday, and included a series of training workshops and social opportunities for mayors, council members, police chiefs and administrators.

One hundred and fifteen out of 157 municipalities in Maryland were represented at this year's convention. The convention's networking opportunities did not fail to attract notables.

Lt. Governor Kathleen Kennedy Townsend (D), Prince George's County Executive Wayne Curry, and Montgomery County Executive Douglas Duncan were among those in attendance at numerous functions.

Speaking just before the swearing in of MML's new board, Glendening said, "I always take pride that [working as a Councilman] is where I started."

Prince George's County will be well-represented in the members-at-large positions of the MML Board of Directors.

Bowie Councilman Dennis Brady, Greenbelt Mayor Judith Davis, and Laurel Councilman Craig Moe were among the 10 new members-at-large elected on Tuesday. Also serving on the board are District 9 President Vivian Dodson, mayor of Capitol Heights; Prince George's County Municipal Clerks Association President Sue Page, clerk of Hyattsville; and Prince George's County Municipal Public Works Association President Frank Bigdeli, director of public works of Hyattsville.

####

20000615 David Harrington elected MML 1^st VP by Jeremy Brengstall Hyattsville Gazette

20000322 President Clinton State Dept. Fact Sheet on Global Warming

President Clinton’s March 22, 2000 State Department Fact Sheet on Global Warming

THE WHITE HOUSE
Office of the Press Secretary
(Agra, India)

March 22, 2000

FACT SHEET ON
PRESIDENT CLINTON'S INDIA TRIP: PROTECTING THE
ENVIRONMENT, PROMOTING CLEAN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
AND COMBATTING GLOBAL WARMING

Today, in a visit to Agra, India, site of the Taj Mahal, President Clinton will announce several new initiatives to strengthen Indo-American efforts to protect the environment, develop clean energy resources and combat global climate change.

There is broad scientific consensus that greenhouse gas emissions -- primarily in the form of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels -- are at least partly responsible for an increase in global temperatures over the last century. Many developing nations are especially vulnerable to the projected impacts of global warming, particularly coastal flooding, increased incidence and severity of storms and drought, and increased incidence of disease.

The Clinton Administration is taking aggressive steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the past year, President Clinton has issued directives to reduce energy use in federal buildings to 30% below 1990 levels by 2010, and to target tripling of the use of bio-energy in the U.S. over the next decade.

With greenhouse gas emissions from developing nations projected to surpass those of the industrialized world within a few decades, the United States is committed to ensuring broader developing country participation in global efforts to combat climate change. One of the principal goals of the President's climate change policy is to encourage developing nations to adopt clean energy technologies that can help them achieve their development goals while alleviating local air pollution and avoiding greenhouse gas emissions.

The new initiatives that will be announced today include:

Joint Statement on Cooperation in Energy and Environment: Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and Minister of External Affairs Jaswant Singh signed a joint statement on cooperation on energy and environment issues on behalf of the United States and India. The statement outlines a common agenda on clean energy development and environmental protection, including:

-- Two ambitious national Indian environmental goals:

-- 10% of new electric power will come from renewable energy sources by 2012;

-- and approximately 15% improvements in energy efficiency in power production will be made by 2007-08.

Creation of a binational 'Joint Consultative Group' on Clean Energy and the Environment that will focus on clean energy projects and policy, commercial development of clean energy, and, enhanced cooperation on global climate change;

Promotion of a shared vision that countries can achieve robust economic growth while protecting the environment and taking action to combat climate change;

A reaffirmation of the urgent need for international dialogue on ways both developed and developing countries can participate in actions to combat climate change, consistent with treaty obligations under the Framework Convention on Climate Change;

Agreement to work in closer partnership on the further elaboration of mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol, such as the Clean Development Mechanism; and

Acknowledgement of the essential role of the private sector and reference to new initiatives.

South Asia Regional Initiative (SARI) Energy Program: The SARI Energy Program is a new $50 million USAID program designed to accelerate investment and trade in clean energy among South Asian nations, including India, Bangladesh and Nepal, which the President announced in Bangladesh on Monday. Program support will help countries foster regional cooperation and develop the appropriate policy, regulatory, and investment environments to encourage private investment. The program will promote the use of clean energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help stimulate economic growth.

U.S. Export-Import Bank Line of Credit: The Ex-Im Bank will provide a $200 million specialized line of credit targeted for clean energy development projects through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Indian Power Finance Corporation.

Clean Energy Trade Mission: To further the goals of President Clinton's International Clean Energy initiative, the Department of Commerce will lead a trade mission to India focused on clean energy projects by the end of the year.

Greenhouse Gas Pollution Prevention Project (GEP): USAID will provide $20 million for a three-year extension of this program to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency and cleaner fuel use. GEP will:

-- expand the efforts of India's National Thermal Power Corporation to increase efficiency in its power generation plants;

-- help increase use of clean energy technology in power production;

-- build local institutional capacity, and increase public/private partnerships for climate change abatement efforts; and

-- design and demonstrate climate change abatement initiatives in cities.

Energy Conservation and Commercialization (ECO) Project: USAID will provide $25 million for ECO, a program to help promote commercialization of energy efficient technologies and services. ECO will provide technical assistance and training to the Ministry of Power, electric utilities, and regulatory commissions on policy reforms and will work to address market constraints to greater use of energy efficiency products and services.

Resumption of Bilateral Energy Consultations and Technical Assistance: DOE will resume its cooperative efforts on non-nuclear power sector policy reforms, and on public and private collaborative projects related to clean energy, renewable energy and energy efficiency. DOE programs were suspended in 1998 in the context of policy-based restrictions on U.S. assistance to India.

Resumption of EPA Technical Assistance: EPA will re-establish its environmental cooperation program in India with proposals to address air quality management, strengthening implementation of environmental policies and regulations, risk assessment and management of priority pollutants, and greenhouse gas reduction projects. EPA programs were suspended in 1998 in the context of policy-based restrictions on U.S. assistance to India.

Joint Private Sector Statement: The Confederation on Indian Industry and the U.S. Energy Association announced a joint statement to cooperate on trade and investment for clean energy development in India. The parties announced creation of a new 'green business center' in Hyderabad and a 'matchmaker' initiative to help bring investors in contact with business/project opportunities.

[End of Document]

20000203 Chief Keeney LEOPS MGA Testimony

Chief Keeney LEOPS MGA Testimony

TESTIMONY OF CHIEF FRED KEENEY, DISTRICT HEIGHTS POLICE ON BEHALF OF THE POLICE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE MARYLAND MUNICIPAL LEAGUE ON SENATE BILL 175 LAW ENFORCEMENT PENSION SYSTEM

February 3, 2000

Good morning madam chair and members of the Senate Budget and Taxation Committee. My name is Fred Keeney and I am currently the Chief of Police for the City of District Heights. I am here representing the Police Executive Committee of the Maryland Municipal League. The Police Executives applaud the efforts of Senator Exum and the remaining Prince George’s County Senators, especially Senator Currie, whom represents District Heights, for bringing forward SB 175. This bill will make it more attractive for local government to participate in the Law Enforcement Officers Pension System known as LEOPS.

Currently, municipal law enforcement officers participate in one of three state pension plans; the traditional State Retirement Plan, Police and Fire Enhanced Plan and LEOPS. While not all local governments participate in one of the state’s pension systems, we believe that by allowing employee contributions to LEOPS, this plan becomes more attractive to participating local governments and will encourage them to make LEOPS available to the employee.

In Prince George’s County for example, more than twenty municipal agencies employee in excess of 300 police officers. Of these agencies, a mere handful participates in the state pension system because of the cost to local government. These costs range anywhere from approximately 18% to 24 % of the employee’s salary. With the authorization of an employee contribution of 5%, this reduces local government cost to approximately 13% to 19%, a much more attractive cost. LEOPS is not only an issue in Prince George’s County, but statewide.

I have heard from elected officials and police chief’s from Western Maryland and our Eastern Shore, all acknowledging recruitment and retention of police officers is a problem. In unison, we know that something must be done to enhance the benefits of municipal law enforcement. While many local governments do what they can to accomplish this, few have the ability to have their own pension system and rely upon the state to provide this benefit. The recruitment and retention of municipal law enforcement officers is a concern statewide!

Though this legislation only amends LEOPS, I would suggest that the committee evaluate amending all three pension systems that municipal law enforcement officers participate in to allow employee contributions. This will allow local governments in the system to move up to an enhanced program and perhaps encourage participation from non-participating local governments. The ability to participate in LEOPS or the state’s other pension system’s will greatly assist us with recruitment and retention of officers.

20000102 SDOSM 17770000 2000 Archives of Maryland Historical List Senate Legislative District Key

17770000 2000 Archives of Maryland Historical List Senate Legislative District Key

http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/senate/html/senatekey.html

For researching past Maryland State Senators,

first review the list below and then go to:

Return to Maryland Government, Historical List

OR MORE SPECIFICALLY, GO HERE:

Archives of Maryland Historical List Maryland Government

Return to Maryland Government, Historical List

Maryland State Archives

Also see: Archives of Maryland Historical List General Assembly Introduction

http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/html/gaintro.html

COUNTIES, CITIES, AND LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS

(As referred from: http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/html/senlist.html)

See also the key to Senate Legislative Districts OR: http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/senate/html/senatekey.html

_____

1777-2000

Counties
1777-1837

WS - Western Shore: Allegany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore County, Calvert, Cecil, Charles, Frederick, Garrett, Harford, Montgomery, Prince George’s, St. Mary’s, Washington
ES - Eastern Shore: Caroline, Dorchester, Kent, Queen Anne’s, Somerset, Talbot, Worcester

1837-2000

Allegany County - AL
For 1967-1974 see Legislative Districts 1B & 1C
For 1975-2000 see Legislative Districts 1 & 2

Anne Arundel County - AA
For 1967-1974 see Legislative Districts 6A, 6B, & 6C
For 1975-1982 see Legislative Districts 30, 31, 32, & 33
For 1983-1990 see Legislative Districts 29, 30, 32, & 33
For 1992-2000 see Legislative Districts 27, 30, 31, 32, 33

Baltimore City - BC
For 1865-1902 see Baltimore City - Districts 1, 2, & 3
For 1904-1922 see Baltimore City - Districts 1, 2, 3, & 4
For 1924-1966 see Baltimore City - Districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6
For 1967-1974 see Legislative Districts 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, & 12
For 1975-1982 see Legislative Districts 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, & 47
For 1983-1992 see Legislative Districts 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, & 47
For 1992-2000 see Legislative Districts 8, 10, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, & 47

Baltimore County - BA
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 13
For 1975-1982 see Legislative Districts 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, & 13
For 1983-1992 see Legislative Districts 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, & 12
For 1992-2000 see Legislative Districts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 42, 46 & 47

Calvert County - CV
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 6C
For 1975-1982 see Legislative District 30
For 1983-1990 see Legislative District 29
For 1992-2000 see Legislative Districts 27 & 29

Caroline County - CA
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 15
For 1975-1982 see Legislative District 35
For 1983-2000 see Legislative Districts 36 & 37

Carroll County - CR
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 2
For 1975-2000 see Legislative Districts 4 & 5

Cecil County - CE
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 15
For 1975-1982 see Legislative District 34
For 1983-2000 see Legislative Districts 35 & 36

Charles County - CH
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 5
For 1975-1982 see Legislative Districts 28 & 29
For 1983-2000 see Legislative District 28

Dorchester County - DO
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 16
For 1975-1982 see Legislative District 35
For 1983-2000 see Legislative District 37

Frederick County - FR
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 2
For 1975-2000 see Legislative District 3 & 4

Garrett County - GA
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 1C
For 1975-2000 see Legislative District 1

Harford County - HA
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 14
For 1975-1982 see Legislative Districts 5 & 6
For 1983-1992 see Legislative Districts 34 & 35
For 1992-2000 see Legislative Districts 6, 34 & 35

Howard County - HO
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 3C
For 1975-1982 see Legislative District 14
For 1983-1992 see Legislative Districts 4, 13, & 14
For 1992-2000 see Legislative Districts 12, 13 & 14

Kent County - KE
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 15
For 1975-1982 see Legislative District 34
For 1983-2000 see Legislative District 36

Montgomery County - MO
For 1967-1974 see Legislative Districts 3A, 3B, & 3C
For 1975-1992 see Legislative Districts 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, & 20
For 1992-2000 see Legislative Districts 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, & 21 & 39

Prince George’s County - PG
For 1967-1974 see Legislative Districts 4A, 4B, & 4C
For 1975-1982 see Legislative Districts 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, & 28
For 1983-2000 see Legislative Districts 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, & 27

Queen Anne’s County - QA
For 1967-1974 see Legislative District 15
For 1975-1982 see Legislative District 34
For 1983-2000 see Legislative District 36

St. Mary’s County - SM
For 1967-1974 see Senate, Legislative District 5
For 1975-1982 see Senate, Legislative District 29
For 1983-1992 see Senate, Legislative Districts 28 & 29
For 1992-2000 see Senate, Legislative District 29

Somerset County - SO
For 1967-1974 see Senate, Legislative District 16
For 1975-1982 see Senate, Legislative District 36
For 1983-2000 see Senate, Legislative District 38

Talbot County - TA
For 1967-1974 see Senate, Legislative District 15
For 1975-1982 see Senate, Legislative District 35
For 1983-2000 see Senate, Legislative Districts 36 & 37

Washington County - WA
For 1967-1974 see Legislative Districts 1A & 1B
For 1975-2000 see Legislative Districts 2 & 3

Wicomico County - WI
For 1967-1974 see Senate, Legislative District 16
For 1975-1982 see Senate, Legislative Districts 35 & 36
For 1983-2000 see Senate, Legislative Districts 37 & 38

Worcester County - WO
For 1967-1974 see Senate, Legislative District 16
For 1975-1982 see Senate, Legislative District 36
For 1983-2000 see Senate, Legislative District 38

Legislative Districts
1967-2000

1967-1974

District 1A - Part of Washington County
District 1B - Part of Allegany County & part of Washington County
District 1C - Garrett County & part of Allegany County
District 2 - Carroll & Frederick counties
District 3A - Part of Montgomery County
District 3B - Part of Montgomery County
District 3C - Howard County & part of Montgomery County
District 4A - Part of Prince George’s County
District 4B - Part of Prince George’s County
District 4C - Part of Prince George’s County
District 5 - Charles & St. Mary’s counties
District 6A- Part of Anne Arundel County
District 6B- Part of Anne Arundel County
District 6C - Calvert County & part of Anne Arundel County
District 7 - Part of Baltimore City
District 8 - Part of Baltimore City
District 9 - Part of Baltimore City
District 10 - Part of Baltimore City
District 11 - Part of Baltimore City
District 12 - Part of Baltimore City
District 13 - Baltimore County
District 14 - Harford County
District 15 - Caroline, Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne’s & Talbot Counties
District 16 - Dorchester, Somerset, Wicomico & Worcester Counties

1975-1982

District 1 - Garrett County & part of Allegany County
District 2 - Part of Allegany County & part of Washington County
District 3 - Part of Frederick County & part of Washington County
District 4 - Part of Carroll County & part of Frederick County
District 5 - Part of Baltimore County, part of Carroll County & part of Harford County
District 6 - Part of Harford County
District 7 - Part of Baltimore County
District 8 - Part of Baltimore County
District 9 - Part of Baltimore County
District 10 - Part of Baltimore County
District 11 - Part of Baltimore County
District 12 - Part of Baltimore County
District 13 - Part of Baltimore County
District 14 - Howard County & part of Montgomery County
District 15 - Part of Montgomery County
District 16 - Part of Montgomery County
District 17 - Part of Montgomery County
District 18 - Part of Montgomery County
District 19 - Part of Montgomery County
District 20 - Part of Montgomery County
District 21 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 22 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 23 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 24 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 25 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 26 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 27 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 28 - Part of Charles County & part of Prince George’s County
District 29 - St. Mary’s County & part of Charles County
District 30 - Calvert County & part of Anne Arundel County
District 31 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 32 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 33 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 34 - Cecil, Kent & Queen Anne’s Counties
District 35 - Caroline, Dorchester & Talbot Counties & part of Wicomico County
District 36 - Somerset & Worcester Counties & part of Wicomico County
District 37 - Part of Baltimore City
District 38 - Part of Baltimore City
District 39 - Part of Baltimore City
District 40 - Part of Baltimore City
District 41 - Part of Baltimore City
District 42 - Part of Baltimore City
District 43 - Part of Baltimore City
District 44 - Part of Baltimore City
District 45 - Part of Baltimore City
District 46 - Part of Baltimore City
District 47 - Part of Baltimore City

1983-1992

District 1 - Garrett County & part of Allegany County
District 2 - Part of Allegany County & part of Washington County
District 3 - Part of Frederick County & part of Washington County
District 4 - Part of Carroll County, part of Frederick County & part of Howard County
District 5 - Part of Baltimore County & part of Carroll County
District 6 - Part of Baltimore County
District 7 - Part of Baltimore County
District 8 - Part of Baltimore County
District 9 - Part of Baltimore County
District 10 - Part of Baltimore County
District 11 - Part of Baltimore County
District 12 - Part of Baltimore County
District 13 - Part of Howard County & part of Prince George’s County
District 14 - Part of Howard County & part of Montgomery County
District 15 - Part of Montgomery County
District 16 - Part of Montgomery County
District 17 - Part of Montgomery County
District 18 - Part of Montgomery County
District 19 - Part of Montgomery County
District 20 - Part of Montgomery County
District 21 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 22 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 23 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 24 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 25 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 26 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 27 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 28 - Charles County & part of St. Mary’s County
District 29 - Calvert County, part of Anne Arundel County & part of St. Mary’s County
District 30 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 31 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 32 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 33 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 34 - Part of Harford County
District 35 - Part of Cecil County & part of Harford County
District 36 - Kent & Queen Anne’s Counties, part of Cecil County & part of Talbot County
District 37 - Dorchester County, part of Caroline County, part of Talbot County & part of Wicomico County
District 38 - Somerset & Worcester Counties & part of Wicomico County
District 39 - Part of Baltimore City
District 40 - Part of Baltimore City
District 41 - Part of Baltimore City
District 42 - Part of Baltimore City
District 43 - Part of Baltimore City
District 44 - Part of Baltimore City
District 45 - Part of Baltimore City
District 46 - Part of Baltimore City
District 47 - Part of Baltimore City

1992-2000

District 1 - Garrett County & part of Allegany County
District 2 - Part of Washington County
District 3 - Parts of Washington & Frederick Counties
District 4 - Parts of Frederick & Carroll Counties
District 5 - Part of Carroll County
District 6 - Parts of Baltimore County & Harford County
District 7 - Part of Baltimore County
District 8 - Parts of Baltimore County & Baltimore City
District 9 - Part of Baltimore County
District 10 - Parts of Baltimore County & Baltimore City
District 11 - Part of Baltimore County
District 12 - Parts of Baltimore County & Howard County
District 13 - Parts of Howard & Prince George’s Counties
District 14 - Parts of Montgomery & Howard Counties
District 15 - Part of Montgomery County
District 16 - Part of Montgomery County
District 17 - Part of Montgomery County
District 18 - Part of Montgomery County
District 19 - Part of Montgomery County
District 20 - Part of Montgomery County
District 21 - Parts of Montgomery & Prince George’s Counties
District 22 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 23 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 24 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 25 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 26 - Part of Prince George’s County
District 27 - Parts of Prince George’s, Anne Arundel & Calvert Counties
District 28 - Charles County
District 29 - Parts of Calvert & St. Mary’s Counties
District 30 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 31 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 32 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 33 - Part of Anne Arundel County
District 34 - Part of Harford County
District 35 - Parts of Harford & Cecil Counties
District 36 - Kent County & Queen Anne’s County; & parts of Cecil, Caroline & Talbot Counties
District 37 - Parts of Caroline, Dorchester, Talbot & Wicomico Counties
District 38 - Somerset & Worcester Counties; & part of Wicomico County
District 39 - Part of Montgomery County
District 40 - Part of Baltimore City
District 41 - Part of Baltimore City
District 42 - Parts of Baltimore City & Baltimore County
District 43 - Part of Baltimore City
District 44 - Part of Baltimore City
District 45 - Part of Baltimore City
District 46 - Parts of Baltimore City & Baltimore County
District 47 - Parts of Baltimore City & Baltimore County

19991231 Yeltsin Dec 31 1999 resignation speech

Yeltsin's resignation speech

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6584973.stm

Boris Yeltsin annouced his resignation on the last day of the 20th Century

Russian President Boris Yeltsin's shock resignation speech came in an address on Russian television on 31 December 1999. This is the full text of his speech.

Dear Russians, very little time remains to a momentous date in our history. The year 2000 is upon us, a new century, a new millennium.

We have all measured this date against ourselves, working out - first in childhood, then after we grew up - how old we would be in the year 2000, how old our mothers would be, and our children. Back then it seemed such a long way off to the extraordinary New Year. So now the day has come.

'Contemplated long and hard'

Dear friends, my dears, today I am wishing you New Year greetings for the last time. But that is not all. Today I am addressing you for the last time as Russian president. I have made a decision. I have contemplated this long and hard. Today, on the last day of the outgoing century, I am retiring.

Many times I have heard it said: Yeltsin will try to hold on to power by any means, he won't hand it over to anyone. That is all lies. That is not the case. I have always said that I would not take a single step away from the constitution, that the Duma elections should take place within the constitutional timescale. This has happened.

And likewise, I would have liked the presidential elections to have taken place on schedule in June 2000. That was very important for Russia - we were creating a vital precedent of a civilized, voluntary hand over of power, power from one president of Russia to another, newly elected one.

'We must go'

And yet, I have taken a different decision. I am standing down. I am standing down earlier than scheduled. I have realised that I have to do this. Russia must enter the new millennium with new politicians, new faces, new intelligent, strong and energetic people. As for those of us who have been in power for many years, we must go.

Seeing with what hope and belief people voted during the Duma elections for a new generation of politicians, I understood that I had done the main job of my life. Russia will never return to the past. Russia will now always be moving forward.

I must not stand in its way, in the way of the natural progress of history.

Why holding on to power for another six months, when the country has a strong person, fit to be president, with whom practically all Russians link their hopes for the future today? Why should I stand in his way? Why wait for another six months? No, this is not me, this is not in my character.

'Forgiveness'

Today, on this incredibly important day for me, I want to say more personal words than I usually do. I want to ask you for forgiveness, because many of our hopes have not come true, because what we thought would be easy turned out to be painfully difficult.

I ask to forgive me for not fulfilling some hopes of those people who believed that we would be able to jump from the grey, stagnating, totalitarian past into a bright, rich and civilized future in one go.

I myself believed in this. But it could not be done in one fell swoop. In some respects I was too naive. Some of the problems were too complex. We struggled on through mistakes and failures. At this complex time many people experienced upheavals in their lives. But I want you to know that I never said this would be easy.

Today it is important for me to tell you the following. I also experienced the pain which each of you experienced. I experienced it in my heart, with sleepless nights, agonizing over what needed to be done to ensure that people lived more easily and better, if only a little. I did not have any objective more important than that.

'Not leaving because of my health'

I am leaving. I have done everything I could. I am not leaving because of my health, but because of all the problems taken together.

A new generation is taking my place, the generation of those who can do more and do it better. In accordance with the constitution, as I go into retirement, I have signed a decree entrusting the duties of the president of Russia to Prime Minister Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.

For the next three months, again in accordance with the constitution, he will be head of state. Presidential elections will be held in three months time.

I have always had confidence in the amazing wisdom of Russian citizens. Therefore, I have no doubt what choice you will make at the end of March 2000.

In saying farewell, I wish to say to each of you the following. Be happy. You deserve happiness. You deserve happiness and peace.

Happy New Year, happy new century, my dear people.

BBC Monitoring selects and translates news from radio, television, press, news agencies and the internet from 150 countries in more than 70 languages. It is based in Caversham, UK, and has several bureaux abroad.

19991108 Superbowl Sunday

Superbowl Sunday

I got this in an e-mail and I can’t help myself. I simply must post it… Please enjoy.

Superbowl Sunday

November 8th, 1999

A guy named Joe received a free ticket to the SuperBowl from his company. Unfortunately, when Joe arrived at the stadium, he realized that his seat is in the last row, in the corner of the stadium. He's closer to the Goodyear Blimp than the field.

About halfway through the first quarter, Joe sees through his binoculars an empty seat, 10 rows off the field, right on the 50 yardline.

He decides to take a chance and makes his way through the stadium and around the security guards to the empty seat.

As he sits down, Joe asks the gentleman sitting next to him, "Excuse me, is anyone sitting here?"

The man says "No."

Now, very excited to be in such a great seat for the game, Joe again inquires of the man next to him, "This is incredible! Who in their right mind would have a seat like this at the SuperBowl and not use it?!"

The man replies, "Well, actually, the seat belongs to me. I was supposed to come with my wife, but she passed away. This is the first SuperBowl we haven't been together at since we got married in 1967."

"Well, that's really sad," said Joe, "but still, you couldn't find anyone to take the seat? A friend or close relative?"

"No," the man replies, "They're all at the funeral."

####

19991025 City Space Study Minutes

CITY OF WESTMINSTER, MARYLAND
CITY SPACE STUDY COMMITTEE

MINUTES
OCTOBER 25, 1999

A meeting of the City Space Study Committee of the Westminster City Council was held in the office of Finance Director Steve Dutterer on Monday, October 25, 1999 at 11:00 a.m.

Present were Committee Members: Public Works Director Thomas B. Beyard, Finance Director Steve Dutterer, City Attorney John B. Walsh, Jr. and Chairman Councilman Kevin Dayhoff. Absent was Councilman Greg Pecoraro.

1. The Mission Statement of the City Space Study Committee was discussed.
That discussion included:

The purpose of the City Space Study Committee is to establish what will be the future administrative office needs of the City of Westminster.

In the new millennium, Westminster, like most municipalities, will increasingly be in the customer service business. Westminster will be forming partnerships and collaborations with the business community and our citizenry. As more Federal and State programs and mandates are being placed at the local level of government, we will need to maximize the most efficient governmental response to these expanding roles and complexities of government.

After projections about our future needs are established, we will formulate an approach as to how we can best meet those projected administrative office needs. Since the City has perpetual existence, it does not appear to make good fiscal sense to rent rather than own a facility.

We believe that it is in the City's best interests and that the public will be best served by the re-centralization of City's administrative services in one administrative office facility located in such a manner that it will further expanding upon the 'City Campus approach'

2. Identification of past considerations and deliberations upon City space study needs. There was some discussion about the City Hall Space Planning and Feasibility Study executed by Cho, Wilks and Benn Architects in May of 1991. Mr. Dayhoff questioned how the determination was made to not implement the centralization as recommended by the study. The Committee lamented the cost of duplication of support functions and lack of expandability that has resulted because the recommended centralization was not executed.

3. The Committee discussed an analysis of the present situation. The Committee asked the Department Heads to develop and divide current and future square footage and staffing needs for 1 year, 5 year, and 10 year increments. In that regard, the following was discussed.

a. Staffing Projections
b. Present square footage requirements
c. Future square footage requirements
d. Identified the need to establish our present cost per square foot
e. Future square footage demands for Council Chambers

4. The Committee felt the need to identify potential sites for future City space needs.

a. The old J.C. Penny Building
1. The status of and the potential for more space from the old J. C. Penny building
2. There was some discussion on perhaps the feasibility of purchasing the old J.C. Penny building.
b. EZ Letter Quick Stick property next to the existing Police Department at 36 Locust Street
c. The Leister property to the rear of City Hall
d. The old Post Office at 83 E. Main Street
e. The Farmer's Supply Site at Liberty and Green Streets.
f. The old Farmer's Fertilizer & Feed Property on Railroad Avenue more recently referred to as the Southern States property.
g. Expand City Hall
h. The Key Lot

5. The Committee discussed the capital requirements of the City's future space needs with respect to the possibility of building a parking garage on the Longwell Parking lot and the expansion of the existing police station.

6. There was some discussion about centralizing all of the space needs for the City's administrative offices and if that direction were chosen, what would be the disposition of City Hall if we were to move the offices out of City Hall. The conversation digressed to the last time the City Administrative offices were moved from the old Fire Hall to the Longwell Mansion in the late 1930's.

7. There was some discussion about what sort of administrative organization might be desired in the future for the City's offices. There was some discussion about centralized, reintegration of staff and offices and maintaining an integrated, contiguous campus from the City's Street Department to the Police Department to City Hall to the Armory Building. At that point discussion followed regarding whether or not the old Post Office would fit in to that central office scheme or whether it would be better to build on the Key Lot or the Leister property.

The Committee indicated its intention to meet on
Monday, January 24, 2000 at 11 A.M. in the office of Finance Director Steve Dutterer to continue its discussions.

The Committee adjourned its meeting at 12:00 p.m.


_____________________
Kevin E. Dayhoff, Chair

19991012 City aims to clean up Pa Ave By Kevin Griffis Carroll County Times Staff Writer

First published Tuesday, October 12, 1999

City aims to clean up Pa. Avenue

Westminster fines landlord; actions against drug trade to continue

By KEVIN GRIFFIS Carroll County Times Staff Writer

The city of Westminster fined a Pennsylvania Avenue landlord $2,000 Monday for failing to vacate and secure his property - a move Mayor Kenneth A. Yowan described as ``just the beginning'' to force landlords to evict known drug sellers.

Yowan said the city will also look to notify the mortgage companies that hold the properties' mortgages and file civil suits against landlords who fail to do anything about tenants who are known drug suppliers.

The city has continued to apply police pressure to the area, instituting foot patrols, and, on Thursday, raiding a 73 Pennsylvania Ave. apartment that Westminster Police Chief Roger Joneckis said was a hangout for crack cocaine users and sellers.

Joneckis said his department has more initiatives planned for the area but could not yet elaborate.

But the city and the police force can only do so much to control the drug problem and crime along Pennsylvania Avenue, Yowan said at Monday night's City Council meeting. The city needs the cooperation of neighborhood landlords.

``Unfortunately, we have run into problems with five or six landlords, whose properties harbor persons involved in repeated drug activities but who don't seem to want to cooperate with the city and other property owners,'' Yowan said, reading from a prepared statement.

``Rather, they just want to sit back, collect their money and turn a blind eye to problems with their properties.''

The owner of 22-24 Pennsylvania Ave. is the first landlord to draw a fine from the city in its push to improve the neighborhood.

Yowan suggested the man's inaction, and similar responses the city has received from other landlords, was not fair to the neighborhood or to the city's taxpayers.

``It is time for them to seriously consider being part of the solution instead of part of the problem, and the sooner the better for them,'' Yowan said.

The landlord, Robert Foster, could not be reached for comment Monday night.

Yowan also announced the date of a clean-up of Pennsylvania Avenue.

The scheduled date is Oct. 30, and the city's public works personnel and equipment will be out to work on the road and its alleyways with neighbors, he said. People who want to participate are asked to meet at 8 a.m. at Vince's Seafood, at the corner of West Main Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, to organize, Yowan said.

Joneckis said his department has been in contact with area businesses and plans to ask Western Maryland College fraternities and sororities to aid in the clean-up.

In other business Monday night:

The City Council designated Sunday, Oct. 31, from dusk until 8 p.m., as the night for children to go trick-or-treating in the city.

The council asks that children wear light-colored clothing and only go to homes with a porch light on.

19991005 Halloween Trick or Treating memo for October 31, 1999

Westminster Maryland Halloween Trick or Treating

MEMORANDUM - October 5, 1999

TO: City Council Members

SUBJECT: HALLOWEEN TRICK OR TREATING

Halloween Trick or Treating should be conducted the evening of Sunday, October 31,1999 between the hours of dusk and 8 PM and is restricted to children age 12 and under plus accompanying parents or adult guardians. Residents who wish to participate by providing treats to the children should turn on their outside light. Children are advised to wear some light colored clothing so as to be more visible to motorists and to go to homes in their immediate neighborhoods with lights. Motorists should pay particular care on the evening of October 31^st with so many children walking around City streets.

KENNETH A. YOWAN

Mayor

cc: John Dudderar

Chief Roger Joneckis